Capital losses can be used to offset capital gains. If there are excess losses, they can be used to offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income ($1,500 for married persons filing separately), which includes interest on bonds that are not tax-exempt. Any excess loss can be carried forward indefinitely and used in the same manner.
A mutual-fund distribution allocated to gains realized on the sale of fund portfolio assets. You report the distribution as long-term capital gain even if you held the fund shares short term.