Whether the tax refund is taxable to you depends on whether you itemized deductions in the year you paid the property tax or relied on the standard deduction. If you took the standard deduction, the refund is not taxable to you. If you itemized, you have to determine the extent to which the deduction for the property tax payment reduced your taxes; some or all of the refund may be taxable now (on the return for the year in which the refund was received). You don’t have to amend your 2008 return.
The difference between amount realized and adjusted basis on the sale or exchange of capital assets. Long-term capital gains are taxed favorably. Capital losses are deducted first against capital gains, and then again up to $3,000 of other income.