Capital losses can be used to offset capital gains. If there are excess losses, they can be used to offset up to $3,000 of ordinary income ($1,500 for married persons filing separately), which includes interest on bonds that are not tax-exempt. Any excess loss can be carried forward indefinitely and used in the same manner.
Reporting income when actually or constructively received and deducting expenses when paid. Certain businesses may not use the cash method.